2010年10月25日 星期一

法句經--288

19

na santi puttā tāṇāya,

na pitā nāpi bandhavā;

antakenādhipannassa,

nātthi ñātīsu tāatā.

Sons cannot protect you,

or father, or other relatives.

When you are seized by the death,

all relatives are of no help to you.

288 父子與親戚,莫能為救護﹔彼為死所制,非親族能救。

兒子不能救護你,父親及親戚也不能救護你﹔當為面臨死亡的時候,所有的親戚都無法救護你。

『雜阿含1001經』:如是我聞,一時佛住舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。時有一天子容色絕妙,於後夜時來詣佛所,稽首佛足,退坐一面,身諸光明遍照祇樹給孤獨園。時彼天子而說偈言:

「冥運持命去,故令人短壽﹔為老所侵迫,而無救護者﹔

睹斯老病死,令人大恐怖﹔唯作諸功德,樂住至樂所。」

爾時世尊說偈答言:

「冥運持命去,故令人短壽﹔為老所侵迫,而無救護者﹔

觀此有餘過,令人大恐怖﹔當斷世貪愛,無餘涅槃樂。」

時彼天子復說偈言:「久見婆羅門,逮得般涅槃﹔一切怖已過,永超世恩愛。」時彼天子聞佛所說,歡喜隨喜,稽首佛足,即沒不現。

(別譯雜阿含138經)如是我聞,一時佛在舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。時有一天,光色倍常,於其夜中,來詣佛所,威光顯赫,普照祇洹悉皆大明。卻坐一面而說偈言:

「人生壽不定,日日趣死徑﹔無常所侵奪,壽命甚短促。

老來侵壯色,無有救護者﹔恐怖畏向死,作福得趣樂。」

爾時世尊以偈答言:

「人生壽不定,日日趣死徑﹔無常所侵奪,壽命甚短促。

老來侵壯色,無有救護者﹔恐怖畏向死,欲得寂滅樂﹔

應捨世五欲,不宜深生著。」

天讚偈言:「往昔已曾見,婆羅門涅槃﹔嫌怖久捨棄,能度世間愛。」時此天子,聞佛所說,歡喜而去。

此經漢譯共有『雜阿含1001經』與『別譯雜阿含138經』,在巴利文尼柯耶中,有『相應部S1.1.3經Upaneyya』與『相應部2.2.9經Uttara』。此經與『法句經288、289 頌』相呼應。

SN 2.2.9 詩偈與 SN 1.1.3 完全相同,為年輕的天子Uttara在王舍城所問;在 SN 1.1.3 SN 2.2.9,『如是我聞,一時佛住 Eta me suta, eka samaya Bhagavā…viharati』的定型句 pericope 也未出現,句末也沒有『聞佛所說,歡喜(隨喜)而去』的定型句。

此經『雜阿含經』未有對應經典,『別譯雜阿含139經』與此經相當,在巴利文尼柯耶中,有『相應部S1.1.3經Accenti 時乃過去』與此經相當,其差異只在前兩句。

《別譯雜阿含 86經》卷5:「如是我聞一時佛在舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。爾時有一老婆羅門年耆根熟先於往日多造眾惡極為麁弊毀犯所禁不修福善不先作福臨終之時無所依止往詣佛所問訊佛已在一面坐而白佛言:『世尊我於往日多造眾惡極為麁弊毀犯所禁不能修福又不修善亦復不能先作福德臨終之時無所依止。』佛言:『實如汝語。』老婆羅門言:『善哉瞿曇當為我說使我長夜獲於安樂得義得利。』佛言:『實如汝說汝於往日身口意業不作善行毀犯禁戒不修福德不能先造臨命終時作所怙恃。汝於今者實為衰老先造眾罪所作麁惡。不造福業不修善行不能先造可畏之時所歸依處。譬如有人將欲死時思願逃避入善舍宅以自救護。如是之事都不可得是故今當身修善行意口亦然。若三業善臨命終時即是舍宅可逃避處。』爾時世尊即說偈言:『人生壽命促必將付於死衰老之所侵無有能救者是以應畏死唯有入佛法若修善法者是則歸依處。』佛說是已。

第二經無差別(案:只有末二句為)『應求歸依處大人宜修善。』第三長行(案:無差)偈則不同。偈言:

壯盛及衰老三時皆過去餘命既無幾常為老所患

近到閻王際婆羅門欲生二間無住處汝都無資粮

應作小明燈依憑於精勤前除於諸使不復生老死。」

(CBETA, T02, no. 100, p. 403, b10-c11)

《雜阿含1163經》:「如是我聞一時佛住舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。如上說差別者唯說異偈言:

老死之所壞身及所受滅唯有惠施福為隨己資糧

依於善攝護及修禪功德隨力而行施錢財及飲食

於群則眠覺非為空自活。』

佛說此經已彼婆羅門聞佛所說歡喜隨喜作禮而去。」( 大正 2p310b )

此經漢譯共有『雜阿含1001經』與『別譯雜阿含138經』,在巴利文尼柯耶中,有『相應部S1.1.3經Upaneyya』與『相應部2.2.9經Uttara』。此經與『法句經288289 頌』相呼應。

SN 2.2.9 詩偈與 SN 1.1.3 完全相同,為年輕的天子Uttara在王舍城所問;在 SN 1.1.3 SN 2.2.9,『如是我聞,一時佛住 Eta me suta, eka samaya Bhagavā…viharati』的定型句 pericope 也未出現,句末也沒有『聞佛所說,歡喜(隨喜)而去』的定型句。

(相應部尼柯耶S1.1.3 Upaneyya, Bhikkhu Bodhi 英譯)

At Savatthi. Standing to one side, that devata recited this verse in the presence of the Blessed One:

在舍衛城。天子在世尊前立於一側,唱誦此偈:

”Life is swept along, short is the life span;

No shelters exist for one who has reached old age.

Seeing clearly this danger in death,

One should do deeds of merit that bring happiness.” [註一]

生命是逐漸導向死亡的,生命是短暫的﹔

到了老年,沒有庇護所﹔

清楚看到了死亡的危險,

一個人應該勤修功德。

冥運持命去,故令人短壽﹔為老所侵迫,而無救護者﹔

睹斯老病死,令人大恐怖﹔唯作諸功德,樂住至樂所。

人生壽不定,日日趣死徑﹔無常所侵奪,壽命甚短促。

老來侵壯色,無有救護者﹔恐怖畏向死,作福得趣樂

[The Blessed One:]

”Life is swept along, short is the life span;

No shelters exist for one who has reached old age.

Seeing clearly this danger in death,

A seeker of peace should drop the world’s bait.” [註二]

生命是逐漸導向死亡的,生命是短暫的﹔

到了老年,沒有庇護所﹔

清楚看到了死亡的危險,

尋求寂靜的人應該不顧世間(五欲)的鉤餌。

冥運持命去,故令人短壽﹔為老所侵迫,而無救護者﹔

觀此有餘過,令人大恐怖﹔當斷世貪愛,無餘涅槃樂。

人生壽不定,日日趣死徑﹔無常所侵奪,壽命甚短促。

老來侵壯色,無有救護者﹔恐怖畏向死,欲得寂滅樂﹔

應捨世五欲,不宜深生著。

[註一]菩提比丘引『覺音論師註』:『upaniyati jivitaṃ (upaniyati upaneti 的被動式,意思為『被引導的』﹔jivita 為生命,jivitaṃ 為受格)意思是『生命是趨向敗壞的,逐漸導向死亡。』『生命是短暫的,因為人壽不過百餘歲。』

[註二]菩提比丘引『覺音論師註』:『這位生於梵天、壽命長遠的天子,見到他界的眾生壽命短促,滿懷悲憫,而認為眾生應該勤修功德,(puññāni功德,梵文為guna),以往生到天界而壽命久遠。佛的偈頌指出:功德雖能往生到較長壽的天界,仍然尚未脫離輪迴。偈頌中佛陀所說的寂靜(santi)指的是涅槃。』

菩提比丘註:世間的鉤餌指的是四事供養,飲食、衣物、臥具、藥物。也可以說是指『對十八界的繫著與渴愛』

案:此經與『法句經288289 頌』相呼應

288 父子與親戚,莫能為救護﹔彼為死所制,非親族能救。

兒子不能救護你,父親及親戚也不能救護你﹔當為面臨死亡的時候,所有的親戚都無法救護你。

289 了知此義已,智者持戒律﹔通達涅槃路,迅速令清淨。

守護戒行的智者,知道這樣的道理,應該迅速地清淨通往涅槃的道路。

S 1.1.3: 【短壽】、【老】[雜]與[巴]相同,[別]為【趣死徑】、【無常】。【santipekkho觀寂滅的人】,[別]與[巴]同,[雜]為『無餘涅槃』。

Sentence Structure:

na      santi       puttā     tāaya     na    pitā      na   api  bandhavā
|            |             |             |          |        |          |       |         |
neg. V.act.in.    N.m.      N.n.     neg.  N.m.    neg. part.   N.m.
|      3.Pl.pres. Nom.Pl. Dat.Sg.     |   Nom.Sg.   |____|    Nom.Pl.
|_______|            |              |         |____|                |_______|
       |                  |________|_______|_______________|
       |__________________|       |
                        |_____________|

 

antakena adhipannassa   na      atthi      ñātīsu    tāatā
|                       |           |          |            |             |
N.m.            Adj.m.   neg.  V.act.in.   N.m.      N.f.
Ins.Sg.         Gen.Sg.     |   3.Sg.pres. Loc.Pl. Nom.Sg.
|_____________|           |______|           |_______|
           |_________________|                      |
                         |______________________|




Vocabulary and Grammar:

na, neg.: not.

santi, V.: are. The verb root is as-. 3.Pl.act.in.pres. = santi.

puttā: putta-, N.m.: son. Nom.Pl. = puttā.

tāaya: tana-, N.n.: protection, shelter, help. Dat.Sg. = tāaya.

pitā: pitar-. N.m.: father. Nom.Sg. = pitā.

api, part.: also, as well, even (often spelled pi).
Euphonic combination: na + api = nāpi.

bandhavā: bandhu-, N.m.: relative. Nom.Pl. = bandhavā.

antakena: antaka-, N.m.: "the ender", end-maker, death. Derived from the word anta-, N.n.: end. Ins.Sg. = antakena.

adhipannassa: adhipanna-, Adj.: affected by, seized by, gone into. It is a p.p. of the verb root pad- (to fall) with the prefix adhi- (to, into). Gen.Sg.m. = adhipannassa.
Euphonic combination: antakena + adhipannassa = antakenādhipannassa.

atthi, V.: is. The verb root is as- (to be). 3.Sg.act.in.pres. = atthi.
Euphonic combination: na + atthi = nātthi.

ñātīsu ñāti-, N.m.: relative. Loc.Pl. = ñātīsu.

tāatā: tāata-, N.f.: protection, sheltering. It is derived from the word tāa- (see above).
Nom.Sg. = tāatā.

    This verse consists of two syntactically separate sentences. They are:
    1) na santi puttā tāṇāya na pitā nāpi bandhavā (sons cannot protect you, or father, or other relatives). There are three subjects in this sentence: the nouns puttā (sons, nominative plural), pitā (father, nominative singular) and bandhavā (relatives, nominative plural). The verb is santi (are, 3rd person, plural, active, indicative, present tense). It is negated by three negative particles na (not). In one case, this particle is stressed by the particle api (even). The verb has an attribute, the noun tāaya (for protection, dative singular).
    2) antakenādhipannassa nātthi ñātīsu tāatā (when you are seized by the death, all relatives are of no help to you). The subject is the noun tāatā (help, nominative singular). It has an attribute, the noun ñātīsu (amongst relatives, locative plural). The verb is atthi (is, 3rd person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). It is negated by the negative particle na (not). The verb has an attribute, the past participle adhipannassa (of the one who is seized, genitive singular). It has an attribute, the noun antakena (by the end-maker, instrumental singular).



Commentary:

    Patacara lost her husband, two sons, parents and the only brother almost at the same time. She grieved so much that she went almost crazy. When she came to see the Buddha, he told her this verse (and the following one, DhP 289) to calm her down. For the whole story see DhP 113.

沒有留言: