《雜阿含235經》-- 獨住 (1)

《雜阿含235經》卷9：

如是我聞，一時佛住舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。

爾時，世尊告諸比丘：「有師、有近住弟子，則苦獨住，無師、無近住弟子，則樂獨住。

云何有師、有近住弟子，則苦獨住？緣眼、色，生惡不善覺，貪、恚、癡俱，若彼比丘行此法者，是名有師，若於此邊住者，是名近住弟子。耳、鼻、舌、身、意亦復如是。如是有師、有近住弟子，常苦獨住。

云何無師、無近住弟子，常樂獨住？緣眼、色，生惡不善覺，貪、恚、癡俱，彼比丘不行，是名無師。不依彼住，是名無近住弟子。是名無師、無近住弟子，常樂獨住。若彼比丘無師、無近住弟子者，我說彼得梵行福。所以者何？無師、無近住弟子，比丘於我建立梵行，能正盡苦，究竟苦集。」

佛說此經已，諸比丘聞佛所說，歡喜奉行。(CBETA, T02, no. 99, p. 57, a16-b2)。

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經文為何說「有師、有近住弟子，則苦獨住」，有老師、有弟子在旁，應該不是「獨住」呀？

經文為何說「無師、無近住弟子，常樂獨住」、「比丘無師、無近住弟子者，我說彼得梵行福」，這是鼓勵離開僧團獨立生活麼？當然經文是以「離惡不善覺，貪、恚、癡」為是否獨住的標準，但是，仍然有些疑惑。

對照巴利經文之後，才知道原文的意涵，漢譯經文的突兀是出於雙關語的翻譯困難。

Bhikkhu Bodhi《相應部英譯》(The Connected Discourses of the Buddha)，《相應部35.150經》(SN 35.150)

〈Antevāsika 近住弟子〉
“Bhikkhus, this holy life is lived without students and without a teacher. A bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwells in suffering, not in comfort. A bhikkhu who has no students and no teacher dwells happily, in comfort.
(世尊宣示：)「梵行是不與老師和弟子共住。與師和弟子共住之比丘，是苦住而非樂住。不與老師和弟子共住之比丘，則是樂住。

‘Anantevāsikamidaṃ , bhikkhave, brahmacariyaṃ vussati anācariyakaṃ. 梵行是不與老師和弟子共住。

Santevāsiko, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sācariyako dukkhaṃ na phāsu viharati. 與師和弟子共住之比丘，是苦住而非樂住。

Anantevāsiko, bhikkhave, bhikkhu anācariyako sukhaṃ phāsu viharati. 不與老師和弟子共住之比丘，則是樂住。
“And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwell in suffering, not in comfort? Here, bhikkhus, when a bhikkhu has seen a form with the eye, there arise in him evil unwholesome states, memories and intensions connected with the fetters. They dwell within him. Since those evil unwholesome states dwell within him, he is called ”one who has students.” They assail him. Since those evil unwholesome states assail him, he is called ”one who has a teacher.”
諸比丘，如何是『比丘與弟子(染污)共住、與老師(煩惱)共住，是苦住而非樂住』？諸比丘，此處有比丘，眼見色後，(於色)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。此等之惡不善法住於彼之內，故云『與弟子(染污)共住』﹔此等之惡不善法令他煩惱，故云『與老師(煩惱)共住』。

Kathañca, bhikkhu, santevāsiko sācariyako dukkhaṃ na phāsu viharati? 諸比丘，如何是『比丘與弟子(染污)共住、與老師(煩惱)共住，是苦住而非樂住』？

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā uppajjanti pāpakā akusalā dhammā sarasaṅkappā saṃyojaniyā. 諸比丘，此處有比丘，眼見色後，(於色)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。

Tyāssa anto vasanti, antassa vasanti pāpakā akusalā dhammāti. Tasmā santevāsikoti vuccati. 此等之惡不善法住於彼之內，故云『與弟子(染污)共住』﹔

Te naṃ samudācaranti, samudācaranti naṃ pāpakā akusalā dhammāti. Tasmā sācariyakoti vuccati. 此等之惡不善法常常折磨他，故云『與老師(煩惱)共住』。

antevāsika 是「近住弟子」，也是「ante 在內 vāsi 居住(vasati 的過去式動詞) ka 者」。

ācariya 是「阿闍梨，老師，親教師」，

samudācari 是「『samudācarati 慣於、經常於(如此做)』的過去式」。

在雙關語來說，「samudācaranti 常常折磨」在語音上近似「saṃ ācariya 與老師(共住)者」。 anantevāsikaṃ 是「an 無 antevāsika 近住弟子」，也是「(煩惱)不住於內者」。

所以，漢譯「有師、有近住弟子，則苦獨住」為「samudācaranti (為纏結)所常折磨」(有師)、「antevāsika (惡不善法住於內)」(有弟子)為「苦住」。

漢譯「有師、有近住弟子，則苦獨住」為「samudācaranti (為纏結)所常折磨」(有師)、「antevāsika (惡不善法住於內)」(有弟子)為「苦住」。

「無師、無近住弟子，則樂獨住」為「na samudācaranti 不(為纏結)不所常折磨」(無師)、「anantevāsika (惡不善法不住於內)」(無弟子)為「樂住」。

“Further, when a bhikkhu has heard a sound with the ear, ……cognized a mental phenomena with the mind……he is called ”one who has a teacher.”
復次，諸比丘，耳聞聲後，鼻嗅香後，舌嚐味後，身感觸後，意識法後，(於彼)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。此等之惡不善法住於彼之內，故云『與弟子(染污)共住』﹔此等之惡不善法令他煩惱，故云『與老師(煩惱)共住』。
“It is in this way that a bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwells in suffering, not in comfort."
如此，是為『比丘與弟子(染污)共住、與老師(煩惱)共住，是苦住而非樂住』。
“And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu who has no students and no teacher dwell happily, in comfort? Here, bhikkhus, when a bhikkhu has seen a form with the eye, there do not arise in him evil unwholesome states, memories and intensions connected with the fetters. They do not dwell within him. Since those evil unwholesome states dwell within him, he is called ”one who has no students.” They do not assail him. Since those evil unwholesome states do not assail him, he is called ”one who has no teacher.”
諸比丘，如何是『比丘不與弟子(染污)共住、不與老師(煩惱)共住，是為樂住』？諸比丘，此處有比丘，眼見色後，不(於色)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。此等之惡不善法不住於彼之內，故云『不與弟子(染污)共住』﹔此等之惡不善法不令他煩惱，故云『不與老師(煩惱)共住』。
“Further, when a bhikkhu has heard a sound with the ear, ……cognized a mental phenomena with the mind……he is called ”one who has a teacher.”
復次，諸比丘，耳聞聲後，鼻嗅香後，舌嚐味後，身感觸後，意識法後，不(於彼)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。此等之惡不善法不住於彼之內，故云『不與弟子(染污)共住』﹔此等之惡不善法不令他煩惱，故云『不與老師(煩惱)共住』。
“It is in this way that a bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwells in suffering, not in comfort."
如此，是為『比丘不與弟子(染污)共住、不與老師(煩惱)共住，是為樂住』。
“Bhikkhus, this holy life is lived without students and without a teacher. A bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwells in suffering, not in comfort. A bhikkhu who has no students and no teacher dwells happily, in comfort.”
梵行是不與老師和弟子共住。與師和弟子共住之比丘，是苦住而非樂住。不與老師和弟子共住之比丘，則是樂住。

Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu anantevāsiko anācariyako sukhaṃ phāsu viharati. Anantevāsikamidaṃ, bhikkhave, brahmacariyaṃ vussati . Anācariyakaṃ santevāsiko , bhikkhave, bhikkhu sācariyako dukkhaṃ, na phāsu viharati. Anantevāsiko, bhikkhave, bhikkhu anācariyako sukhaṃ phāsu viharati.