書房夜話 160：viveka 遠離

巴利《小部》第五經《經集》第四品〈義品〉第二經《洞窟八頌經》778頌：

Sattoguhāyaṃ bahunābhichanno,

tiṭṭhaṃ naro mohanasmiṃ pagāḷho;

Dūre vivekā hi tathāvidho so,

kāmā hi loke na hi suppahāyā.

菩提比丘翻譯：

Stuck in the cave densely covered over,

dwelling immersed in bewilderment,

a person such as this is far from seclusion,

for in the world sensual pleasures are not easily abandoned.

帖主翻譯：

住於重重遮蔽的洞窟的人，

沉浸於昏亂(誘惑)，

這樣的人難以遠離，

因為世間貪欲確實難以捨斷。

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元亨寺版《大義釋》卷2：

「如是之人實依遠離而遠」〔之句中〕，遠離者，（一）身遠離，（二）心遠離，（三）依遠離之三遠離也。

1. 身遠離者云何？此處有比丘，遠離坐臥所，〔即〕親住於阿練若、樹下、山岳、溪谷、山窟、塚墓、森林、露地、積藁，是身住遠離。彼獨行、獨住、獨坐、獨臥、獨入村行乞、〔由行乞〕獨歸、獨私坐〔禪〕、獨經行、獨行、住、動作、作為，護〔威儀〕而生活。此是身遠離。
2. 心遠離者云何？入初禪定者之心遠離五蓋。入第二禪定者之心遠離尋、伺。入第三禪定者之心遠離喜。入第四禪定者之心遠離苦樂。入空無邊處定者之心遠離色想、有對想、種種想。入識無邊處定者之心遠離空無邊處想。入無所有處定者之心遠離識無邊處想。入非想非非想處定者之心遠離無所有處想。須陀洹之心遠離有身見、疑、戒禁取見、隨眠、疑隨眠及與彼等共同之諸煩惱。斯陀含之心遠離麤欲貪結、瞋恚結、麤欲貪隨眠、瞋恚隨眠及與彼等共同之諸煩惱。阿那含之心遠離微俱之欲貪結、瞋恚結、微俱之欲貪隨眠、瞋恚隨眠及與彼等共同之諸煩惱。阿羅漢之心遠離色貪、無色貪、慢、掉舉、無明、慢隨眠、有貪隨眠、無明隨眠及與彼等共同諸煩惱及外之一切相〔諸行之因〕。此是心遠離。
3. 依遠離者云何？云依煩惱、蘊、行。不死（甘露）涅槃是云依遠離。彼是一切行之寂止、一切依之捨遣、愛之滅盡、離貪、滅也。此是依遠離。」(CBETA, N45, no. 22, p. 30, a12-p. 31, a14 // PTS. Nidd. 1. 26 - PTS. Nidd. 1. 27)

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Dūre vivekā hi tathāvidho soti. Vivekāti tayo vivekā – kāyaviveko, cittaviveko, upadhiviveko. Katamo kāyaviveko? Idha bhikkhu vivittaṃ senāsanaṃ bhajati araññaṃ rukkhamūlaṃ pabbataṃ kandaraṃ giriguhaṃ susānaṃ vanapatthaṃ abbhokāsaṃ palālapuñjaṃ. Kāyena vivitto viharati. So eko gacchati, eko tiṭṭhati, eko nisīdati, eko seyyaṃ kappeti, eko gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pavisati, eko paṭikkamati, eko raho nisīdati, eko caṅkamaṃ adhiṭṭhāti, eko carati viharati iriyati vattati pāleti yapeti yāpeti. Ayaṃ kāyaviveko.

Katamo cittaviveko? Paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa nīvaraṇehi cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa vitakkavicārehi cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa pītiyā cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Catutthaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa sukhadukkhehi cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samāpannassa rūpasaññāya paṭighasaññāya nānattasaññāya cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samāpannassa ākāsānañcāyatanasaññāya cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samāpannassa viññāṇañcāyatanasaññāya cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samāpannassa ākiñcaññāyatanasaññāya cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Sotāpannassa sakkāyadiṭṭhiyā vicikicchāya sīlabbataparāmāsā diṭṭhānusayā vicikicchānusayā, tadekaṭṭhehi ca kilesehi cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Sakadāgāmissa oḷārikā kāmarāgasaññojanā paṭighasaññojanā oḷārikā kāmarāgānusayā paṭighānusayā, tadekaṭṭhehi ca kilesehi cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Anāgāmissa anusahagatā kāmarāgasaññojanā paṭighasaññojanā anusahagatā kāmarāgānusayā paṭighānusayā, tadekaṭṭhehi ca kilesehi cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Arahato rūpārūparāgā mānā uddhaccā avijjāya mānānusayā bhavarāgānusayā avijjānusayā , tadekaṭṭhehi ca kilesehi bahiddhā ca sabbanimittehi cittaṃ vivittaṃ hoti. Ayaṃ cittaviveko.

Katamo upadhiviveko? Upadhi vuccanti kilesā ca khandhā ca abhisaṅkhārā ca. Upadhiviveko vuccati amataṃ nibbānaṃ. Yo sabbasaṅkhārasamatho sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggo taṇhakkhayo virāgo nirodho nibbānaṃ. Ayaṃ upadhiviveko. Kāyaviveko ca vivekaṭṭhakāyānaṃ nekkhammābhiratānaṃ, cittaviveko ca parisuddhacittānaṃ paramavodānappattānaṃ, upadhiviveko ca nirūpadhīnaṃ puggalānaṃ visaṅkhāragatānaṃ.